Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.
The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's Bash shell.[11]
In the "Notes for linux release 0.01", Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux:[11]
Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. These are separate parts and may be under a stricter (or even looser) copyright. Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info.[11]
In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12[12]. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL[13].
Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully-functional and free operating system.[14]
Torvalds has stated, “making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.”[15]
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